Ancient Nepal, ca. 500 B.C.-A.D. 700

Ancient Nepal, ca. 500 B.C.-A.D. 700 Neolithic tools found in the Kathmandu Valley indicate that people were living in the Himalayan region in the distant past, although their culture and artifacts are only slowly being explored. Written references to this region appeared only by the first millennium B.C. During that period, political or social groupings in Nepal became known in north India. The Mahabharata and other legendary Indian histories mention the Kiratas (see Glossary), who still inhabited eastern Nepal in 1991. Some legendary sources from the Kathmandu Valley also describe the Kiratas as early rulers there, taking over from earlier ​Gopals or Abhiras, both of whom may have been cowherding tribes. These sources agree that an original population, probably of Tibeto-Burman ethnicity, lived in Nepal 2,500 years ago, inhabiting small settlements with a relatively low degree of political centralization. Monumental changes occurred when groups of tribes calling themselves the Arya migrated into northwest India between 2000 B.C. and 1500 B.C. By the first millennium B.C., their culture had spread throughout northern India. Their many small kingdoms were constantly at war amid the dynamic religious and cultural environment of early Hinduism. By 500 B.C., a cosmopolitan society was growing around urban sites linked by trade routes that stretched throughout South Asia and beyond. On the edges of the Gangetic Plain, in the Tarai Region, smaller kingdoms or confederations of tribes grew up, responding to dangers from larger kingdoms and opportunities for trade. It is probable that slow and steady migration of Khasa (see Glossary) peoples speaking Indo-Aryan languages were occurring in western Nepal during this period; this movement of peoples would continue, in fact, until modern times and expand to include the eastern Tarai as well. One of the early confederations of the Tarai was the Sakya clan, whose seat apparently was Kapilavastu, near Nepals present-day border with India. Their most renowned son was Siddhartha Gautama (ca. 563-483 B.C.), a prince who rejected the world to search for the meaning of existence and became known as the Buddha, or the Enlightened One. The earliest stories of his life recount his wanderings in the area stretching from the Tarai to Banaras on the Ganges River and into modern Bihar State in India, where he found enlightenment at Gaya still the site of one of the greatest Buddhist shrines. After his death and cremation, his ashes were distributed among some of the major kingdoms and confederations and were enshrined under mounds of earth or stone called stupas. Certainly, his religion was known at a very early date in Nepal through the Buddhas ministry and the activities of his disciples. continues... Glossary KhasaA term applied to the peoples and languages in the western parts of Nepal, closely related to the cultures of northern India. KirataA Tibeto-Burman ethnic group inhabiting eastern Nepal since before the Licchavi Dynasty, just prior to and during the early years of the Christian era. The political struggles and urbanization of north India culminated in the great Mauryan Empire, which at its height under Ashoka (reigned 268-31 B.C.) covered almost all of South Asia and stretched into Afghanistan in the west. There is no proof that Nepal was ever included in the empire, although records of Ashoka are located at Lumbini, the Buddhas birthplace, in the Tarai. But the empire had important cultural and political consequences for Nepal. First, Ashoka himself embraced Buddhism, and during his time the religion must have become established in the Kathmandu Valley and throughout much of Nepal. Ashoka was known as a great builder of stupas, and his archaic style is preserved in four mounds on the outskirts of Patan (now often referred to as Lalitpur), which were locally called Ashok stupas, and possibly in the Svayambhunath (or Swayambhunath) stupa. Second, along with religion came an entire cultural style centered on the king as the upholder of dharma, or the cosmic law of the universe. This political concept of the king as the righteous center of the political system had a powerful impact on all later South Asian governments and continued to play a major role in modern Nepal. The Mauryan Empire declined after the second century B.C., and north India entered a period of political disunity. The extended urban and commercial systems expanded to include much of Inner Asia, however, and close contacts were maintained with European merchants. Nepal was apparently a distant part of this commercial network because even Ptolemy and other Greek writers of the second century knew of the Kiratas as a people who lived near China. North India was united by the Gupta emperors again in the fourth century. Their capital was the old Mauryan center of Pataliputra (present-day Patna in Bihar State), during what Indian writers often describe as a golden age of artistic and cultural creativity. The greatest conqueror of this dynasty was Samudragupta (reigned ca. 353-73), who claimed that the lord of Nepal paid him taxes and tribute and obeyed his commands. It still is impossible to tell who this lord may have been, what area he ruled, and if he was really a subordinate of the Guptas. Some of the earliest examples of Nepalese art show that the culture of north India during Gupta times exercised a decisive influence on Nepali language, religion, and artistic expression. Next: The Early Kingdom of the Licchavis, 400-750The River System In the late fifth century, rulers calling themselves Licchavis began to record details on politics, society, and economy in Nepal. The Licchavis were known from early Buddhist legends as a ruling family during the Buddhas time in India, and the founder of the Gupta Dynasty claimed that he had married a Licchavi princess. Perhaps some members of this Licchavi family married members of a local royal family in the Kathmandu Valley, or perhaps the illustrious history of the name prompted early Nepalese notables to identify themselves with it. In any case, the Licchavis of Nepal were a strictly local dynasty based in the Kathmandu Valley and oversaw the growth of the first truly Nepalese state. The earliest known Licchavi record, an inscription of Manadeva I, dates from 464, and mentions three preceding rulers, suggesting that the dynasty began in the late fourth century. The last Licchavi inscription was in A.D. 733. All of the Licchavi records are deeds reporting donations to religious foundations, predominantly Hindu temples. The language of the inscriptions is Sanskrit, the language of the court in north India, and the script is closely related to official Gupta scripts. There is little doubt that India exerted a powerful cultural influence, especially through the area called Mithila, the northern part of present-day Bihar State. Politically, however, India again was divided for most of the Licchavi period. To the north, Tibet grew into an expansive military power through the seventh century, declining only by 843. Some early historians, such as the French scholar Sylvain LÃ ©vi, thought that Nepal may have become subordinate to Tibet for some time, but more recent Nepalese historians, including Dilli Raman Regmi, deny this interpretation. In any case, from the seventh century onward a recurring pattern of foreign relations emerged for rulers in Nepal: more intensive cultural contacts with the south, potential political threats from both India and Tibet, and continuing trade contacts in both directions. The Licchavi political system closely resembled that of northern India. At the top was the great king (maharaja), who in theory exercised absolute power but in reality interfered little in the social lives of his subjects. Their behavior was regulated in accordance with dharma through their own village and caste councils. The king was aided by royal officers led by a prime minister, who also served as a military commander. As the preserver of righteous moral order, the king had no set limit for his domain, whose borders were determined only by the power of his army and statecraftan ideology that supported almost unceasing warfare throughout South Asia. In Nepals case, the geographic realities of the hills limited the Licchavi kingdom to the Kathmandu Valley and neighboring valleys and to the more symbolic submission of less hierarchical societies to the east and west. Within the Licchavi system, there was ample room for powerful notables (samanta) to keep their own private armies, ru n their own landholdings, and influence the court. There was thus a variety of forces struggling for power. During the seventh century, a family is known as the Abhira Guptas accumulated enough influence to take over the government. The prime minister, Amsuvarman, assumed the throne between approximately 605 and 641, after which the Licchavis regained power. The later history of Nepal offers similar examples, but behind these struggles was growing a long tradition of kingship. The economy of the Kathmandu Valley already was based on agriculture during the Licchavi period. Artworks and place-names mentioned in inscriptions show that settlements had filled the entire valley and moved east toward Banepa, west toward Tisting, and northwest toward present-day Gorkha. Peasants lived in villages (grama) that were administratively grouped into larger units (dranga). They grew rice and other grains as staples on lands owned by the royal family, other major families, Buddhist monastic orders (sangha), or groups of Brahmans (agrahara). Land taxes due in theory to the king were often allocated to religious or charitable foundations, and additional labor dues (vishti) were required from the peasantry in order to keep up irrigation works, roads, and shrines. The village head (usually known as pradhan, meaning a leader in family or society) and leading families handled most local administrative issues, forming the village assembly of leaders (panchalika or grama pancha). This ancient history of localized decision making served as a model for late twentieth-century development efforts. The River System of Nepal One of the most striking features of present-day Kathmandu Valley is its vibrant urbanism, notably at Kathmandu, Patan, and Bhadgaon (also called Bhaktapur), which apparently goes back to ancient times. During the Licchavi period, however, the settlement pattern seems to have been much more diffuse and sparse. In the present-day city of Kathmandu, there existed two early villagesKoligrama (Village of the Kolis, or Yambu in Newari), and Dakshinakoligrama (South Koli Village, or Yangala in Newari)that grew up around the valleys main trade route. Bhadgaon was simply a small village then called Khoprn (Khoprngrama in Sanskrit) along the same trade route. The site of Patan was known as Yala (Village of the Sacrificial Post, or Yupagrama in Sanskrit). In view of the four archaic stupas on its outskirts and its very old tradition of Buddhism, Patan probably can claim to be the oldest true center in the nation. Licchavi palaces or public buildings, however, have not survived. The truly impor tant public sites in those days were religious foundations, including the original stupas at Svayambhunath, Bodhnath, and Chabahil, as well as the shrine of Shiva at Deopatan, and the shrine of Vishnu at Hadigaon. There was a close relationship between the Licchavi settlements and trade. The Kolis of present-day Kathmandu and the Vrijis of present-day Hadigaon were known even in the Buddhas time as commercial and political confederations in north India. By the time of the Licchavi kingdom, trade had long been intimately connected with the spread of Buddhism and religious pilgrimage. One of the main contributions of Nepal during this period was the transmission of Buddhist culture to Tibet and all of central Asia, through merchants, pilgrims, and missionaries. In return, Nepal gained money from customs duties and goods that helped to support the Licchavi state, as well as the artistic heritage that made the valley famous. Data as of September 1991 Next: The River System of Nepal Nepals Climate | Chronology | Historical Setting Nepal can be divided into three major river systems from east to west: the Kosi River, the Narayani River (Indias Gandak River), and the Karnali River. All ultimately become major tributaries of the Ganges River in northern India. After plunging through deep gorges, these rivers deposit their heavy sediments and debris on the plains, thereby nurturing them and renewing their alluvial soil fertility. Once they reach the Tarai Region, they often overflow their banks onto wide floodplains during the summer monsoon season, periodically shifting their courses. Besides providing fertile alluvial soil, the backbone of the agrarian economy, these rivers present great possibilities for hydroelectric and irrigation development. India managed to exploit this resource by building massive dams on the Kosi and Narayani rivers inside the Nepal border, known, respectively, as the Kosi and Gandak projects. None of these river systems, however, support any significant commercial navigation facility. R ather, the deep gorges formed by the rivers represent immense obstacles to establishing the broad transport and communication networks needed to develop an integrated national economy. As a result, the economy in Nepal has remained fragmented. Because Nepals rivers have not been harnessed for transportation, most settlements in the Hill and Mountain regions remain isolated from each other. As of 1991, trails remained the primary transportation routes in the hills. The eastern part of the country is drained by the Kosi River, which has seven tributaries. It is locally known as the Sapt Kosi, which means seven Kosi rivers (Tamur, Likhu Khola, Dudh, Sun, Indrawati, Tama, and Arun). The principal tributary is the Arun, which rises about 150 kilometers inside the Tibetan Plateau. The Narayani River drains the central part of Nepal and also has seven major tributaries (Daraudi, Seti, Madi, Kali, Marsyandi, Budhi, and Trisuli). The Kali, which flows between the Dhaulagiri Himal and the Annapurna Himal (Himal is the Nepali variation of the Sanskrit word Himalaya), is the main river of this drainage system. The river system draining the western part of Nepal is the Karnali. Its three immediate tributaries are the Bheri, Seti, and Karnali rivers, the latter being the major one. The Maha Kali, which also is known as the Kali and which flows along the Nepal-India border on the west side, and the Rapti River also are considered tributaries of the Karnali. Data as of September 1991 Nepals Climate | Chronology | Historical Setting

Learn About Gothic Literature With Elements and Examples

Learn About Gothic Literature With Elements and Examples The term Gothic originates with the ornate architecture created by Germanic tribes called the Goths.  It was then later expanded to include most of the medieval style of architecture. The ornate and intricate style of this kind of architecture proved to be the ideal backdrop for both the physical and the psychological settings in a new literary style, one that concerned itself with elaborate tales of mystery, suspense, and superstition. The height of the Gothic period, which was closely aligned with Romanticism, is usually considered to have been the years 1764–1840, but its influence extends to the present day in authors such as V.C. Andrews. Plot and Examples The plot of Gothic literature novels typically involves people who become involved in complex and oftentimes evil paranormal schemes, usually against an innocent and helpless heroine. One such example is the young Emily St. Aubert in Anne Radcliffe’s classic Gothic novel, The Mysteries of Udolpho (1794). This novel would inspire parody in Jane Austen’s Northanger Abbey (1817). The most famous example of pure Gothic fiction is perhaps the first example of the genre, Horace Walpole’s The Castle of Otranto (1764). Although rather short, the setting certainly fits the description given above, and the combined elements of terror and medievalism set a precedent for an entirely new, thrilling genre. Selected Bibliography In addition to The Mysteries of Udolpho and The Castle of Otranto, there are a number of classic novels that those who are interested in Gothic literature will want to pick up. Here is a list of 10 titles that are not to be missed: The History of the Caliph Vathek (1786) by William Thomas BeckfordThe Monk (1796) by Mathew LewisFrankenstein (1818) by Mary ShelleyMelmoth the Wanderer (1820) by Charles MaturinSalathiel the Immortal (1828) by George CrolyThe Hunchback of Notre-Dame (1831) by Victor HugoThe Fall of the House of Usher (1839) by Edgar Allan PoeVarney the Vampire; or, the Feast of Blood (1847) by James Malcolm RymerThe Strange Case of Dr. Jekyll and Mr. Hyde (1886) by Robert Louis StevensonDracula (1897) by Bram Stoker Key Elements In most of the examples above, one will find certain key elements ascribed to Gothic fiction.  They  include: Atmosphere: In the Gothic novel, the atmosphere will be one of mystery, suspense, and fear, the mood of which is only enhanced by elements of the unknown or unexplained. Clergy: Often, as in The Monk and The Castle of Otranto, the clergy play important secondary roles. They are often weak and sometimes outrageously evil. The paranormal: Oftentimes Gothic fiction will contain elements of the supernatural or paranormal, such as ghosts and vampires. In some instances, these supernatural features are later explained in perfectly natural terms, but in other works, they remain completely inexplicable. Melodrama: Also called â€Å"high emotion,† melodrama is created through highly sentimental language and overly emotional characters. The panic, terror, and other emotions can seem overwrought in order to make the characters and setting seem wild and out of control. Omens: Typical of the genre, omens- or portents and visions- often foreshadow events to come. They can take many forms, such as dreams. Setting: The setting of a Gothic novel is typically a character in its own right. Gothic architecture plays an important role, so the stories are often set in a castle or large manor, which is typically abandoned. Other settings may include caves or the wilderness. Virginal maiden in distress: With the exception of a few novels, such as Sheridan Le Fanu’s Carmilla (1872), most Gothic villains are powerful males who prey on young, virginal women. This dynamic creates tension and appeals deeply to the readers pathos, particularly as these heroines tend to be orphaned, abandoned, or somehow severed from the world, without guardianship. Modern Critiques Modern readers and critics have begun to think of Gothic literature as referring to any story that uses an elaborate setting, combined with supernatural or super-evil forces against an innocent protagonist. The contemporary understanding is similar but has widened to include a variety of genres, such as paranormal and horror.

Figurative Language versus Literal Language Essay - 4

Figurative Language versus Literal Language - Essay Example Below are some of the most commonly used figurative expressions: Idioms, analogy, metaphor, simile, clichà ©, amphiboly, flame word, hyperbole, euphemism, and colloquialism. All are figurative expressions that may cause confusion and even misunderstanding to the ones that aren’t familiar with them. An idiom is a group of words or phrase that means something else differently from what it says literally. Idioms can actually be considered oral literature. They are passed down from generation to generation as part of culture. Example is â€Å"kick the bucket†, as in Mr. Jones kicked the bucket just yesterday! It would be senseless if a man just kicked a bucket. But kicking the bucket, idiomatically, means to die. It should be avoided in formal correspondences to avoid misunderstanding as idioms are generally geographic in nature. Analogy is another figurative expression that can be confusing. Analogy can be confusing if you do not know the references that the speaker uses in a sentence, especially if the speaker uses pop culture references (I will be a Marshall to your Lily. – in reference to the couple in the TV show How I Met Your Mother). But generally, it is quite useful in simplifying complicated ideas. For example, The CPU of the computer is like the brain; it is the commanding center. For students learning computer, it would be easy to remember: CPU = brain, but the elements used in idioms should be universally known to prevent misunderstandings. A metaphor, on the other hand, is similar to analogy but it does not compare two things directly. In a metaphor, the comparison is asserted to an otherwise unrelated object although one can argue that a metaphor is a type of analogy. A famous metaphor by Shakespeare goes: All the world’s a stage, and all the men and women merely players; they have their exits and their entrances, from As You Like

Movie on Social Network Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Movie on Social Network - Essay Example Facebook is one of the most leading social networking websites. According to a survey it has more than 800 million active members. But the Facebook did not come from thin air like that. In fact the idea evolved from Facemash, the predecessor to Facebook. On October 2003, Mark Zuckerberg while attending Harvard as an undergraduate made this site in which pictures of girls from the nine houses, placing two next to each other were compared as hot or not. However, authorities took notice and Mark was charged for violating rules and breaching security. But this incident gave Mark his first recognition. Though initially promising his expert programming skills in making a social network HarvadConnections.com to his seniors, Mark changed his mind. And with the help of his friends especially Eduardo Saverin , who was the co founder and did the initial investment, launched â€Å"The FACEBOOK†. During the course time Mark met the entrepreneur Sean Parker, who advised him on various matters. And in summer 2004, base of operations was shifted to California Investors like Peter Theil from PayPal invested in and THE FACEBOOK became FACEBOOK. By that time it had over 300,000 members, 160 schools including 5 in Europe. Various features like relationship status, nonstop server, tagging pictures and the â€Å"wall† were introduced. At this time shares were allotted, Mark 51%, Eduardo 34.4%, and Sean7 % and so on. Later Eduardo 34.4%, were diluted to0 .03% and was thrown out of the company as more companies were coming in, and Sean became the President of the company (Fincher, 2010). Celebrating their millionth member party Sean was caught by the cops on using drugs. At that point, the seniors from Harvard had filed a case in the federal court against the facebook, and claimed that it was initially their idea. Eventually, they received settlement money and signed a non

ROAD TO AMIRS REDEMPTION Essay Example for Free

ROAD TO AMIRS REDEMPTION Essay ROAD TO AMIRS REDEMPTION In a lifetime, everyone will face personal battles and guilt, some large and some small. Such as guilt over sneaking out, not doing homework, or telling your parents a little white lie. People find peace of mind through redeeming themselves, in other words, we do something that makes up for the cause of guilt. Khaled Hosseinis novel The Kite Runner revolves around betrayal and redemption. Redemption is the act of saying or being saved from sin, error or evil, which the main character Amir seems to need the most. Amir lives with the guilt he has built up over the years because of one incident from his childhood. Amirs fathers words still echo through his head A boy who wont stand up for himself becomes a man who cant stand up to anything. –pg. 24 Although Amir destroyed the lives of many people, and he has had more than one opportunity to redeem himself of his guilt, he is not the selfish little boy he once was. How often does one stop and think, How will this affect everyone else in my life? Amir had a chance in the alley, to put Hassan first and change the path of both their lives, but he made the decision to turn around and run because it was what he thought was best for him: I had one last chance to make a decision. One final opportunity to decide who I was going to be. I could step into that alley, stand up for Hassan – the way hed stood up for me all those times in the past – and accept whatever would happen to me. Or I could run. In the end, I ran. I ran because I was a coward. I was afraid of Assef and what he would do to me. I was afraid of getting hurt. Thats what I told myself as I turned my back to the alley, to Hassan. Thats what I made myself believe. I actually aspired to cowardice, because the alternative, the real reason I was running, was that Assef was right: Nothing was free in this world. Maybe Hassan was the price I had to pay, the lamb I had to slay, to win Baba. –pg.77 Amirs selfish ways were a result of the lack of his fathers affection in his life. As a young boy, he was forced to deal with his fathers disinterest in him, which made him incredibly jealous of Hassan. Amir could not understand at the time, why his father adored his servants son more  than his own son. As the tension increases between Amir and Hassan, Amir can no longer stand to see Hassan everyday because of what Amir had not stopped and he could not bare seeing his father showing Hassan love and not him. Hassan and his father are forced to leave their home after Amir places his watch under Hassans pillow and accuses him of stealing it. Hassan did not even deny the accusations because he had figured out what Amir was doing. Hassan knew. He knew I had betrayed him and yet he was rescuing me once again, maybe for the last time. –pg.111 Even after the alleged theft of the watch, Amirs father is willing to forgive Hassan, which stunned Amir, and made him see that the love his father has for Hassan is greater than he imagined. Amir did not just ruin Hassans life; he also ruined the lives of many people with his decisions after the incident in the alley. Baba lost a chance to watch his son, Hassan, grow up and also lost the chance to bring him to America so he could start a new life. Sohrab lost both his parents to war because they were still living in Afghanistan, lost his childhood to war, and tried to commit suicide as a result of Amir going back on his promise to keep him safe from orphanages. Soraya lost her right to the truth when Amir kept his past a secret even though she opened up to him about hers. It is one thing to destroy your own life with guilt, but it is a completely different issue when you destroy the lives of others. Before Amir can go on the road to redemption, Amir must realize that he cant go back and change what he has done as a child, and he must find inner peace. Although if it was not for Amirs actions as a child, Sohrab never would have needed to be saved in the first place but by saving Sohrab, the last piece of Hassans life, does make a difference. From the moment he chose to turn his back on Hassan, there were many chances where Theres a way to be good again –pg.238 for all his wrongdoings, but he chose not to take any of these. Sohrab was his last and only chance for redemption. I have a wife in America, a home, a career and a family. But how could I pack up and go back home when my actions may have cost Hassan a chance at those very same things? And what Rahim Khan revealed to me changed things. Made me see how my entire life, long before the winter of 1975, dating back to when that singing Hazara woman was still nursing me, had been a cycle of lies betrayals and secrets. –pg.238 Amir admits that he cost Hassan a chance at a good life and that he had many opportunities to change the outcome of Hassans life. But at this moment he realized he could lose everything he has built in America, but for the first time in his life, Amir did not care about only himself, he came to terms with what he had done, and he was ready to redeem himself at any cost. Amir finally became the man who stood up for himself and his sins. Throughout his childhood, Amir looked for his fathers affection and he never could get it. His father had said Im telling you, Rahim, there is something missing in that boy. –pg.24 Amirs father would have been proud of him at this very moment because that was all he had wanted from him. The guilt that was built over the years was finally put to rest at the safety of Sohrab. In Afghanistan when Amir stood up for Sohrab and Assef aggressively beat him up, Amir had said My body was broken—just how badly I wouldnt find out until later—but I felt healed. Healed at last. I laughed. –pg.289 which showed Amir had come to terms with what he had done as a child and was finally felt relieved. Although he was getting beat up, it did not matter anymore, he just wished he had stood up to Assef years ago, and maybe he would have earned his redemption in that alley.

Macbeth as an Archetype of the Devil :: essays research papers

In the tragic play of Macbeth, Shakespeare creates a protagonist that resembles the archetype of the devil. With Satan, leader of the forces of evil, and the Dragon, or rebel against God, from the Bible and John Milton's epic allegory Paradise Lost, these roles fit as archetypes for the protagonist, Macbeth. There is also significant ways in which Shakespeare contrasted his protagonist against the Devil. Macbeth and Satan are characterized for being great and powerful, above the normal man or angel. 'For brave Macbeth ' well he deserves that name Disdaining Fortune, with his brandished steel? from Macbeth (I, ii, 16-17).The two character relates to each other for their loyalty and trust, which acknowledged them with great honor and power to make changes, whether good or bad. 'Say first for Heaven hides nothing from thy view Nor the deep Tract of Hell say first what cause Mov'd our Grand Parents in that happy state, Favour'd of heav'n so highly ' He trusted to have equal'd the most High' (I, 27-40). Once given a high position, they begin to desire more power, to become God, to become King. 'I will ascend above the heights of the Clouds, I will be like the most High' (Isaiah, 14: 14). The devil, seen as the Dragon, who rebels against God, betrays God and fights against those who goes any challengers. 'And there appeared another wonder in Heaven, and behold a great red dragon having seven heads and ten horns, and seven crowns upon his heads.' (Revelation, 12: 3) 'And there was war in heaven: Michael and his angels fought against the dragon, and the dragon fought his angels,' (Revelation, 12: 7). Macbeth, does the same thing as the dragon, he rebels against the king, and tries to kill anyone who can get in his way. ?With his surcease, success that but his blow Might be the be ? all and the end ? all here ? Bloody instructions, which, being taught, return To plague th? inventor, this even ? handed justice.? From Macbeth (I, vii, 4-10) Shakespeare cleverly added incomparable differences in his protagonist and the Devil. The characters may desire the same thing, but have alternative ways of doing things. For example, Satan is the leader of forces of evil, which means he is the one who has tempted others into following him. ?Had cast him out of heav?n, with all his Host Of Rebel Angels, by whose aid aspiring To set himself in Glory above his Peers ?

User Generated Content

User-generated content Brianna Hughes Northeaster State University User generated content is on the verge in the media industry and becoming a world wide system used on the internet and in commercials. The growth of new media has increased communication between many people all over the world. People are able to speak their mind through websites, blogs, pictures, and other user-generated media. User-generated content is another way for people to access things at a quicker pace with fast feedback.Facebook is a great example because it is real time and people are able to communicate with people all around the nation. Many commercials are based on how the media is transforming according to the needs of the people. The major part of the user-generated media is that it is widely globalized. The design of new media will continue to innovate because it will not always be new because the media industry is always changing and improving. User-generated commercials add value because it benefits the world from using the service or watching the commercial.The social has changed rapidly in the past few years. The commercials have been used for companies, schools, and much more. The commercials are activity between the user and information channels. Companies have to decide if the exchange of information is profitable to them (Marshall, Solomon, Stuart 2009). This gives the company a choice on whether or not to do a user-generated commercial. A company is able to gain value from competitve advantage either through distinctive competency or differential benefit. They both have to do with what the strong points are in the company.The user-generated information determines if the consumers are satisfied with the information or product being advertised. Most companies try to build a strong relationship between the customers because they want a long term buying relationship and if the user-generated commercials show that most customers are satisfied with the products then they will gear more towards buying the product. â€Å"We’re seeing everyday people actually generating value instead of just buying it- consume3rs are turning into advertising director, retailers, and new –product –development consultants† (Marshall, Solomon, Stuart pg. 3). The commercials add value because when users log on to Facebook or MySpace they usually get to view ads on other products in which they did not have to go out of their way because they were already going on their page. It is a form of multitasking that people take much advantage from. The creativity is a major benefit because user-generated content encourages creativity. The products strategic plan is being advanced because it improves the number of users that view the sites or products. The company might be charged according to how many people view the site after seeing the ad.It is a version-free and everlasting beta which is updated constantly in real time. The sites depend on users and not s ystems. A major marketing strategy that companies take into account is that there is wisdom in crowds. Masses of people have been tested to know more than the smartest people. There are ethical issues in the user-generated commercials because obviously consumers expect companies to sell them products that are safe and usefull but there are dishonest products on the market. The dishonesty could rise from the pressure to succeed (Marshall, Solomon, Stuart 2009).The content could result in illegal activities, terrorism, addictive consumption, or even exploiting people. Business are in business to satisfy their stakeholders and when they make a decision that is not satisfying them they have to face the issue of being unethical in their decision. The issues could range from illegal accounting practices, bankruptcy, bribery, extortion, or poor self-policing of the industry. They could all cause a major uproar in the company causing the consumers and stakeholders to lose trust, money or ev en have to use worthless items.Ethical issues are a daily issue for company which shows that the company must understand its environment and how to stay on top of the issues. During the Christmas season many companies were advertising their gifts and what nots on facebook because they knew the season of gift giving was approaching. Walmart was one of the companies advertising on Facebook encouraging people to purchase products from their store online or in-store. There were special offers for ordering online through the ad on Facebook. This was a major marketing strategy for them because of the amount of viewers on Facebook.

Richard Cory and God’s Work

People can suffer in silence and suddenly they either shock us by doing something drastic or they emerge as heroes who win our admiration. † a) Briefly outline what happens in â€Å"Richard Cory† and â€Å"God’s Work†. Richard Cory, the subject of the poem by Edwin Arlington Robinson, is a man who is highly favored in his community. The working class citizens, one of which is the narrator of the poem, are always admiring his sophistication and his regal attitude. They also have high regards for his humanity, wealth as well as his status in education.The people think that Richard Cory is everything; they begin to cut back on the things they do in hope to achieve a similar lifestyle to the one that Richard Cory lives. However, without any identified reason, Richard kills himself, bringing surprise to the ones who admire him together with the reader. In the poem â€Å"God’s Work† by Ian McDonald, death also occurs, however, being of a different s tate to that of â€Å"Richard Cory†. The poet respects the main character, Mister Edwards, who is his gardener, handyman and a good friend.Mister Edwards is a strong man, both physically and mentally, and a handsome man too. However, he is ill and is experiencing the factors of death. Although Mister Edwards suffers a slow and excruciating death, he shows his great appreciation for the things he experiences. He believes that whatever happens, whether it may be pleasing or dissatisfying, it is God’s work and it happens for a reason. Coming on to the end of the poem, the poet describes the pain that Mister Edwards endures, and how many people believe that he has a strong heart.Finally, he dies, and the persona cynically cries out â€Å"God’s Work†. b) How does the statement above apply to each poem? After reading the poems â€Å"Richard Cory† and â€Å"God’s Work,† it is clearly recognized that the statement is applied in both poems. In the poems, the two main characters suffer silently, however, in â€Å"Richard Cory,† his death shocks the reader and in â€Å"God’s Work†, Mister Edwards’ strength allowed him to become admirable to the reader. The first half of the poem that states, â€Å"People suffer in silence and suddenly they either hock us by doing something drastic,† is in relation to the poem â€Å"Richard Cory†. The way in which Richard lives his life and carries himself is admired by the narrators, who continually describe his characteristics throughout most of the poem. This may be evident where they describe him as being, â€Å"Clean favored, and imperially slim. † The working class also tries their utmost best to become an individual such as Richard, evident in the lines, â€Å"In fine, we thought he was everything to make us wish that we were in his place.So on we worked, and waited for the light, and went without the meat, and cursed the bread. † Through this way of thinking, Richard Cory creates an extreme shock to the reader, by killing himself on â€Å"one calm summer night†. â€Å"God’s Work† relates to the second half of the statement which says that the people who suffer in silence, â€Å"they emerge as heroes who win our admiration. † It is evident throughout the poem that Mister Edwards is suffering from a painful illness. The poet describes Mister Edwards’ suffering; the â€Å"spasms† he experiences â€Å"crumpling up his face. However, he tries to maintain his dignity even during death through â€Å"the effort to hold back the gut contracting cry†. Obviously, Mister Edwards is a man of good faith in God. He accepts that even the worst that can happen is a part of â€Å"God’s Work† as well as the death that he is experiencing. Mister Edwards’ struggle reveals his strength of character and his heroism allowing him to become such an admiration t o the reader. c) In each case, what poetic device does the poet use to make us feel shock or admiration?The poetic device that the poets use in both poems is that of situational irony, so as to make us feel shock or admiration. In â€Å"Richard Cory†, by the way in which the citizens speak about Richard Cory’s wealth, education and his general way of living, the reader is made to believe that he is contented with his life. This may be evident in his royality; him being â€Å"a gentleman from sole to crown, clean favored, and imperially slim. † Further, it is also obvious in the way Richard Cory â€Å"glittered when he walked,† and how rich and â€Å"admirably schooled† he is.The citizens long to become as successful as Richard Cory is and â€Å"waited for the light†. However, at the end of the poem, the situational irony shocks the reader, as the narrators reveal that Richard Cory kills himself. This occurs since the reader did not expect su ch a humble and pleasant man, who seems to have everything, to do something that drastic. For the poem â€Å"God’s Work† many situations of irony occur. However, the ironic situation that allows the reader to evoke feelings of admiration is the situation where Mister Edwards accepts death as the actions of God despite the nature of the event.Although many would think that â€Å"God’s Work† is just about the blooming flowers and the rising sun, Mister Edwards believes that harsh storms and floods are also â€Å"God’s Work†, evident where the persona says, â€Å"’God’s work’, he would say when the rain pelted down and floods rushed in rivers and storms lashed the tree-tops†. The reader may wonder why such an agonizing death is experienced by someone who is said to be of good character, as he is described by the persona in the second stanza, but Mister Edwards has faith in God, believing that he allows suffering for there is a reason behind it.

International Trade Essays

International Trade Essays International Trade Essay International Trade Essay Free trade is an understanding between two or more states to extinguish duties on all trade minutess that are taking topographic point between them. The recent sorts of understandings do non merely restrict the intervention of authoritiess that are responsible for imposing the assorted duties and revenue enhancements. but there are more committednesss included in the understandings such as imposts co-operation. the protection of rational belongings. foreign direct investing and other factors that will heighten commercialism between those that sign the freed trade understanding ( FTA ) ( Groomsman and Helpmate. 1995 ) . Among many advantages such understandings usher in. it had been possible to incorporate the economic systems of the participants of the free trade understandings that will avail common benefits such as increased export picks. Importing states will besides hold more picks of merchandises to import. Furthermore. the jurisprudence of co-operative advantage provinces that participants in FTAs ever attain common addition from interchanging goods and services ( Krugman. 1991 ) . When there is a free trade understanding between two or more states. what takes topographic point is the monetary value the members of the participant states are paying are the result of existent supply and demand. in their bend they would be responsible for finding what sort of resource allotment should be employed. One thing that distinguishes free trades from other sorts of trades is none of the participants are allowed to present any sort of unreal pricing because of protectionism inclination. where authoritiess can non step in to set supply and demand by presenting limitations that could raise or convey down the monetary value of goods and services. The chief purpose of free trade is to extinguish such protectionism inclinations so that what will find what should be bought and sold and at what monetary value would be demand and supply ( Landsburg. 2005 ) . When that is non the instance authoritiess can ever step in by presenting subsidies. duties. revenue enhancements. and non-tariff barriers where they can present statute law or quotas. or it is possible for two or more authoritiess to come up with bilateral or many-sided understandings that allow a discriminatory intervention for the participants merely. by forbiding others to take advantage of what such understandings entail. When there is a bilateral or many-sided understanding between states the first measure is extinguishing all revenue enhancements and duties ( Hoda. 2002 ) . However. bilateral understandings that take topographic point between two states do non use for other states where if the two states could hold among themselves about what sort of duty and revenue enhancement to present. those understandings apply merely to those two states. If the understanding is many-sided and between three or more states the agreed upon duties and revenue enhancements apply merely to those take parting states. whereas others whether it is a bilateral or many-sided understanding are non participants will ever pay the on a regular basis needed duties and revenue enhancements. The authoritiess of such states that have FTA between them are free to present any sort of trade barriers on others for any ground that serves them a intent. Therefore. it is possible to look at many bilateral and many-sided understandings around the universe where for illustration the US and Canada used to hold a bilateral understanding between them before Mexico was added and the understanding called NAFTA came into the image which was a many-sided understanding between the three states. This does non intend other bargainers that are merchandising with these three states will acquire similar sort of discriminatory intervention such as no barriers on trades and services between the three states. the execution of trade falsifying policies such as the debut of revenue enhancements. subsidies. Torahs and ordinances that will avail particular advantages for the members of one of the bargainers. These three trading spouses have free entree to each other’s market. which does non intend others will hold a similar entree. It does non intend the many-sided understandings between the three states will forestall them from making another bilateral or many-sided understandings with other states since for illustration the US has many bilateral and many-sided trade understanding with states that do non hold any geographical propinquity to it demoing that bilateral and many-sided understandings are non limited by part ( Reizeman. 1999 ) . Other comfortss such merchandising spouses have at their disposal. whether they are bilateral or many-sided. in add-on to holding free entree to each others’ markets. strictly based on demand and supply they could besides let each other to hold entree to a free market information. which is critical to doing informed determinations. Governments of trading members are non allowed to prosecute in a government-imposed monopoly or oligopoly power. although private sectors can hold a monopoly or oligopoly harmonizing to what the anti trust Torahs allow. Other development among such states is there is a free motion of labor. every bit good as capital. Therefore. when looking at the unsimilarities of bilateral and many-sided understandings there are many factors that drama functions. because most of all. what sort of discriminatory intervention the participants are leting each other is the make up ones minding factor ( Goyal and Joshi. 2006 ) . This means that two bilateral states could strip that discriminatory intervention to other states. but if they are in many-sided understanding. they can non distinguish among the member no affair how much their figure is. If a state is a member of the World Trade Organisation that requires all its members to let each other a discriminatory intervention in order to ease trade has no pick other than to let to all members similar discriminatory intervention. However. the exclusion is that for illustration based on geographical part or otherwise if there is a bilateral understanding they could give particular discriminatory intervention for the trading spouse if they found it good to make so without availing the same discriminatory intervention to their other bilateral. many-sided or WTO members spouses. This means that both bilateral and many-sided understandings based on any common benefit for the participants are allowed by WTO for its members. the lone demand being a voluntary presentment of the being such an understanding so that some sort of transparence of what is taking topographic point will predominate. Consequently. there are bilateral understandings that take topographic point between two states. many-sided understandings that normally require more than two states and the rank of WTO is besides many-sided since the obvious figure of the participants is many. This means that except that a bilateral understanding is a really simple signifier of such free trade understandings. there is nil that makes it different in complexness than similar many-sided understandings ( Friedman. 1997 ) . A good illustration to mention is monetary value where in a bilateral understanding the available demand and supply determine the monetary value of goods and services. The lone job with such an understanding is if there is another state that sells what a given state buys from a bilateral spouse much cheaper. In a state of affairs like this it is a given that the other state wants to take advantage of the inexpensive monetary value. but since there is no understanding there are duties and revenue enhancements to add on the market monetary value of the goods that will still do the bilateral spouses goods and services preferred because of the absence of duty and revenue enhancement. In order to take advantage of that inexpensive monetary value the peculiar state might desire to get down a free trade understanding with the other spouse that will be complicated and clip consuming. This shows that one state can hold a bilateral understanding with two or more states or it is possible to make a many-sided understanding among all participants and this sort of understanding is common among those that live in a given geographical part. as attested by the figure of regional free trades ( Bhagwati. 2002 ) . But that does intend free trade is limited to a certain form since it can take many signifiers. It can be bilateral based on what the two states agree. many-sided based on the participating states agree that do non needfully should hold geographical propinquity such as the US has a bilateral understanding with Israel. Jordan. Chile. Singapore. Australia and more and Australia has many bilateral trade understanding with many Asiatic states that does non impact the relation it has with other states because each participant gets certain advantage from the bilateral trade they are doing. The most common FTA used to be among states in the same part but that is altering ( Levy. 19997 ) . Looking at international many-sided understandings such as the members of the WTO reveals that there are more than 160 states that have eliminated trade barriers among themselves and are leting similar discriminatory intervention for each other. while they are allowed to travel into any sort of bilateral or many-sided trade agreement with other states and make discriminatory intervention that they do non hold to let to the other members of WTO. where what is non allowed is non to know apart among members ( Pugel. 2003 ) ( Aghion et al. 2007 ) . One other unsimilarity will be the competition will be different when many-sided states are merchandising with each other with no revenue enhancement and duty barriers based on demand and supply. where the picks of the participants will be more and can purchase from those who are offering the lowest monetary value without prosecuting in dumping ( Bagwell and Staiger. 1997 ) . Dumping ever creates troubles since it is ever the result of subsidies that largely originate from authoritiess that had signed non to step in in the market by any agencies ( Brander and Krugman. 1983 ) . World Trade Organisation ( WTO ) WTO is an international administration that promotes free trade by working with its members to enable them abolish duties and revenue enhancements so that there will be unhindered trade among states. The chief responsibilities of the administration are it polices the free trade understandings among states. and it settles whatever differences ensue among the take parting states and their authoritiess. Whenever there is a difference with two trading states that are members it is its occupation to decide the difference and is empowered by its members to implement its determinations by presenting countenances on those who have breached the agreed upon regulations. WTO had replaced another administration called the General Agreement on Tariffs and Trade ( GATT ) in 1995. GATT came into being in 1948 when 23 states agreed to convey down their duties and revenue enhancements among the trading spouses. The difference between GATT and WTO is the later has more range and oversees more trade subdivisions other than trade in goods and services entirely such as banking. telecommunications and rational belongings rights. WTO has 160 states that allow each other a discriminatory intervention or a favoured trading spouse position. The administration provides a model others can use to negociate and organize trade understandings. while at the same clip it oversees the signed understandings ratified by the parliaments of the member states are purely observed. The administration. for the most portion. focuses on trade dialogues such as the Uruguay Round ( 1986-1994 ) and presently the defunct dialogue called Doha Development Agenda known besides as Doha Round that tried in 2001 to raise the overall position of poorer states that make up the bulk of the universe population. This peculiar dialogue had been derailed by the same group that the dialogue was seeking to heighten their just representation that demanded to see in topographic point a particular safeguard step that will screen husbandmans from import implosion therapy. The peculiar administration is under the administration of ministerial conference that takes topographic point every two old ages and has a general council in charge of implementing whatever understanding the conference arrives at and for administering the twenty-four hours to twenty-four hours concern. while it is represented by a director-general. The WTO works hand-in-hand with other administrations such as the World Bank. Intentional Monitory Fund. International Trade Organisation etc. that go much further than concentrating on trade and trade in countries that are related to merchandise indirectly such as employment. investing. assorted sorts of loaning. ordinance concern practises that do non adhere to the regulations and assorted understandings covering with how to pull strings trade goods. The GATT is really of import in such a manner that if the WTO was non formed. GATT would hold been reigning still functioning the same intent the WTO started functioning. because it was the lone many-sided understanding between states get downing from 1948. There had been seven unit of ammunitions of dialogue under the GATT that were working to convey down duties among states. The Kennedy Round in the 1960ss raised the inquiry of antidumping where when states are caught in the action of selling goods well less than they are selling in their ain market. In the 1970ss. the Tokyo Round started to look at other barriers that are non tariff related where it was non easy to acquire consequences. because of the controversial nature of what were taking topographic point since some of them known as plurilateral understandings were non approved by all participants. However the Uruguay Round had amended some of them subsequently and they had become many-sided understandings. The Uruguay Round that took topographic point in 1986 had introduced new countries such as including services and rational belongingss in the understandings. The Uruguay Round besides dealt with trade reforms in the country of agribusiness and fabric that were ever sensitive countries. Finally in 1994 the Final Act concluded what the members started in the Uruguay Round and established the WTO that took topographic point at the Marrakech Agreement. This means that WTO does non hold its ain authorization boulder clay day of the month and it is still utilizing GATT as its umbrella pact. although the Final Act at Marrakech had added new 60 understandings adopted into the authorizations of the administration. Consequently. the major countries the WTO oversees among its international members are to supervise how goods and investing are traversing the boundary lines of member states. including the assorted services. rational belongings. difference colony and reexamining the trade policies the assorted member authoritiess are presenting from clip to clip. There had been several ministerial conferences since the WTO was formed that came up with assorted policies to cover with the assorted jobs at manus at the clip the assorted conferences were taking topographic point. The major rules of the WTO refering trade are non-discrimination that has two cardinal constituents. the most favoured states and national intervention. The former requires member to handle every member every bit where if they create a favorable status for a given member they have to make to all members. a demand that is possible to overrule among bilateral and many-sided understandings. The national intervention requires that goods and services imported should have similar intervention with what are locally available.

Festive Words

Festive Words Festive Words Festive Words By Sharon I love the Christmas season. The process of decorating, choosing gifts with care, preparing seasonal food and spending time with friends and family really appeals to me. With that in mind, here are the origins of some popular seasonal words. decorate Meaning to adorn, decorate dates from the 16th century. However, its seasonal meaning of to deck with ornamental accessories dates from the 18th century. The word originates from the Latin decoratus (beautify). mistletoe This comes from the Old English misteltan via Old Norse and Old High German. Mistletoe is a parasitic plant that grows on trees and its been believed to have magical properties since the days of the Druids. The custom of kissing under the mistletoe dates from the Norse tale of Baldur and Frigga. gift This dates from the 13th century and derives from Old Norse, with the same word existing in Old English. It originally referred to payment for a wife. The alternative present comes from 13th century Old French, meaning something which has been presented. tinsel Tinsel is believed to have come from the Anglo Norman, with ancestors in Old French and was first seen in the expression tinsell saten. It means strips of shining metal used for ornament and also describes things that are showy and worthless. wreath Wreath derives from Old English, meaning a twisted band or coil. The more modern meaning of a garland of leaves or flowers dates from the 16th century. turkey The name for this type of guinea fowl originates in the 16th century. The name charts the history of the birds movement. According to the Oxford Dictionary of Etymology the name of the country was applied to the bird because it was brought to New Guinea by the Portuguese through Turkish dominions. Want to improve your English in five minutes a day? Get a subscription and start receiving our writing tips and exercises daily! Keep learning! Browse the Vocabulary category, check our popular posts, or choose a related post below:Comparative Forms of Adjectives7 Tips for Writing a Film ReviewEbook, eBook, ebook or e-book?

Article Assignment - 2 Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Assignment - 2 - Article Example The criminal meanwhile is celebrating independence and may be encouraged to do the criminal offence again when and if given the chance. Finally the last reason identified by the authors is that all individuals need the reassurance that they are safe from a faulty judiciary. If due to any reason the people get the impression that the judiciary is sentencing the wrong people, or passing wrong sentences on criminals then it undermines every constitutional provision. Any errors in passing sentences (be it Police Error, Prosecutional Error, Inadequacy of Counsel, or a Judicial Error) all stain the reputation of the legal process and are proof to the people that they are not safe†¦ not only from criminals but the law as well. Thus, it is a major concern to conduct research on the number of wrongful convictions which occur in any given place. As mentioned earlier there are a number of errors which take place in the wrongful convictions. The major parties recognized which may influence wrongful conviction are the police detectives, the prosecution, the counsel and the judge himself. To decrease the rates of wrongful convictions firstly, the police should conduct thorough investigations with absolute findings and no conspicuous evidences. Also the police should not use the biased investigation techniques which tend to make neutral evidence appear in their favor. The prosecutors can help cut down rate of wrongful convictions by deliberating thoroughly on which cases to pick up as they have the time and resource available to analyze the case thoroughly and go through all the evidence available. The attorneys must conduct independent research rather than relying on the evidences handed down to him. Judges must simply be honest to their profession as they could put an innocent man in jail or set a serial criminal out free. But the common solution here which could favor

CRIME CONTINUES TO BE A MASCULINE PURSUIT.DISCUSS Essay

CRIME CONTINUES TO BE A MASCULINE PURSUIT.DISCUSS - Essay Example 285). Despite reports that females are committing crimes at an increased rate, males continue to commit the vast majority of crimes (Anthony 2008, p. 94). The prevailing view is therefore that crime continues to be a masculine pursuit despite modest increased in female offending. The question then is, whether or not crime is and continues to be a masculine pursuit. Theories and assumptions that attempt to explain the disproportionate rate of male offending help to answer the question of whether or not crime continues to be a masculine pursuit. The prevailing view is that, if male offending can be attributed to masculine theories rather than traditional criminology theories, then we might be able to state that crime continues to be a masculine pursuit. Some explanations include the role of gender socialization, the perceptions of police, and the independence and opportunities that men are accorded (Browne 2011, p. 249). However, with the exception of gender socialization, the other ex planations and theories are not gender specific. For instance, perceptions of police can be entirely related to education or exposure. Similarly, independence and opportunities are likewise linked to both men and women. ... This paper is therefore divided into three parts. The first part of this paper provides a factual basis for the contention that males are more predisposed to commit crimes than females are. The second part of the paper analyses the various theories, assumptions and explanations relative to the male propensity to commit crimes. The third part of the paper examines the rise in female crimes and concludes that the rise in female crimes do not change the disproportionate number of male crimes. However it does indicate that crime is not and does not continue to be a masculine pursuit. It does indicate that crime is not specific to males and therefore can not be characterized as a continuing to be a masculine pursuit. The objective is to analyse masculinity theories with a view to demonstrating how crime is perceived to be a masculine pursuit and then to look at the increase in female offending to demonstrate how crime cannot be perceived as a masculine pursuit. Although crime was perceive d to have been a masculine pursuit, developments in female offending inform that it is impractical and unreasonable to continue to view crime as a masculine pursuit. I. Males and Crime The latest statistics released by the UK Office for National Statistics reveal that as of October 2006, 4 out of every five offenders were male. Moreover, man â€Å"outnumber women† in all of the most serious crimes (Office for National Statistics 2006). For instance between 84 and 95 per cent of burglary, robbery, drugs-related offences, criminal damages and violent crimes are committed by males. 98 per cent of all sexual offences are committed by males (Office for National Statistics). In the US there is evidence that the